Ethical Leadership in Intercollegiate Athletics

Ethical leadership and a values-based culture should be two sides of the same coin in intercollegiate athletics. Needed are ethical leaders serving as role models of integrity, trustworthiness, honesty, fairness, and respect for others. Ethical leaders model how values should guide actions and decisions as well as implement reward systems that hold others accountable for ethical conduct. Athletic directors and other athletic administrators with the moral courage to do what is right regardless of circumstances can nurture values-based cultures as they shape and develop the lives of athletes and colleagues they influence. The purposes of this theoretical work are to explicate ethical leadership, explain the connection between ethical leadership and a values-based culture, and propose a model for developing and sustaining ethical leadership in a values-based culture

Obedience and Personal Responsibility

Dangerous contexts are those in which the stakes are high and where there may be little time to develop or discuss a course of action. Unquestioning and immediate obedience may be demanded precisely because deliberating or discussing might delay responding and thereby increase danger or decrease chances of survival. In some cases, there may be time for deliberation and discussion, even if there is pressure to act quickly. Reaching the right conclusions when the chips are down can be facilitated by having considered in advance one\u27s obligation to obey an order versus responsibility to oneself, one\u27s values, and others who may be affected by actions taken. This chapter considers legal constraints on behavior and scientific evidence that helps frame thinking about the pressures people may face and how to resist them. Two fictitious scenarios are used to illustrate the application of these considerations in practice

NOAA\u27s Climate Database Modernization Program: Rescuing, Archiving, and Digitizing History

Historic weather, climate, and ocean observations from as far back as the mid-1700s are being made easily available on the Internet for use in studying global climate variability and change and for helping to improve mitigation and response. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Database Modernization Program (CDMP) began in 2000 with a major emphasis on imaging and keying worldwide climate and environmental records from the eighteenth through the twentieth centuries. This multimillion dollar program is an ongoing effort to process data from the United States and elsewhere, improve its access, and maintain a permanent data archive. The CDMP, now in its eighth year, is a product of the extraordinary efforts of both NOAA personnel and the private sector. Initiated by the U.S. Congress, the program is managed by NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). The keying, imaging, and database development needed for the CDMP projects have created new private-sector jobs in several economically challenged areas in West Virginia, Kentucky, and Maryland. An invaluable NCDC on-site contractor prepares much of the data for shipment and performs extensive quality control on returning data products. The CDMP acquires, digitizes, and provides access to the climate and environmental data held in various national and international archives. In earlier data rescue efforts of U.S. weather and climate records, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) microfilmed and catalogued their 1819–92 climatological records in 1952. These data were recorded using the many different formats existing at that time, including monthly and quarterly reports received by the U.S. surgeon general from 1819 to 1859; monthly reports of volunteer observers for the Smithsonian Institution from 1849 to 1859; weekly and monthly reports of Signal Office and Weather Bureau stations from 1870 to 1892; and monthly reports from volunteer observers from the Signal Office and Weather Bureau from 1874 to 1892. All of these records have been scanned and are available as part of the CDMP, with image access available via the Internet. Selected records from this collection are being keyed and made available in digital format in various NCDC databases. CDMP supports NOAA’s core mission to archive, store, and manage environmental data and information under data stewardship for the United States

Olfaction in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Olfactory dysfunction is a frequent complaint in chronic rhinosinusitis patients and has a significant impact on quality of life. Therefore, it is essential that clinicians are aware of the importance of olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients and know how to deal with it. Notably, the evaluation of olfactory function (i.e., using psychophysical testing) and imagery of olfactory bulb play an important role in the evaluation of patients and give essential information about the "baseline" olfactory function. Because the high impact of olfactory function on quality of life and medical and/or surgical treatment should be proposed to patients. However, it remains difficult to predict the outcome of treatment as well as long-term efficacy. The first section of this review is dedicated to the assessment of olfactory function. Secondly, we will discuss the etiopathology of olfactory dysfunction in CRS with and without nasal polyps. Finally, we will review literature findings about the efficacy of different treatments on olfactory function

catamaran

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School-Located Influenza Vaccination Reduces Community Risk for Influenza and Influenza-Like Illness Emergency Care Visits

<div><p>Background</p><p>School-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) programs can substantially enhance the sub-optimal coverage achieved under existing delivery strategies. Randomized SLIV trials have shown these programs reduce laboratory-confirmed influenza among both vaccinated and unvaccinated children. This work explores the effectiveness of a SLIV program in reducing the community risk of influenza and influenza-like illness (ILI) associated emergency care visits.</p><p>Methods</p><p>For the 2011/12 and 2012/13 influenza seasons, we estimated age-group specific attack rates (AR) for ILI from routine surveillance and census data. Age-group specific SLIV program effectiveness was estimated as one minus the AR ratio for Alachua County versus two comparison regions: the 12 county region surrounding Alachua County, and all non-Alachua counties in Florida.</p><p>Results</p><p>Vaccination of ∼50% of 5–17 year-olds in Alachua reduced their risk of ILI-associated visits, compared to the rest of Florida, by 79% (95% confidence interval: 70, 85) in 2011/12 and 71% (63, 77) in 2012/13. The greatest indirect effectiveness was observed among 0–4 year-olds, reducing AR by 89% (84, 93) in 2011/12 and 84% (79, 88) in 2012/13. Among all non-school age residents, the estimated indirect effectiveness was 60% (54, 65) and 36% (31, 41) for 2011/12 and 2012/13. The overall effectiveness among all age-groups was 65% (61, 70) and 46% (42, 50) for 2011/12 and 2012/13.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Wider implementation of SLIV programs can significantly reduce the influenza-associated public health burden in communities.</p></div